Optimal. Leaf size=275 \[ -\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}} \]
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Rubi [A] time = 0.21, antiderivative size = 275, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 19, number of rules used = 6, integrand size = 12, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.500, Rules used = {1346, 1169, 634, 618, 204, 628} \[ -\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+1\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}} \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 204
Rule 618
Rule 628
Rule 634
Rule 1169
Rule 1346
Rubi steps
\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx &=\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-x^2}{1-\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+x^2}{1+\sqrt {3} x^2+x^4} \, dx}{2 \sqrt {3}}\\ &=\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}-\left (-1+\sqrt {3}\right ) x}{1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}+\left (-1+\sqrt {3}\right ) x}{1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}-\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) x}{1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}+\left (1+\sqrt {3}\right ) x}{1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}\\ &=-\frac {\int \frac {-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\int \frac {-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {6 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}\\ &=-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-2-\sqrt {3}-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}+2 x\right )}{2 \sqrt {6 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}-\frac {\operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-2-\sqrt {3}-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}+2 x\right )}{2 \sqrt {6 \left (2-\sqrt {3}\right )}}-\frac {\operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-2+\sqrt {3}-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}+2 x\right )}{2 \sqrt {6 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}-\frac {\operatorname {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-2+\sqrt {3}-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}+2 x\right )}{2 \sqrt {6 \left (2+\sqrt {3}\right )}}\\ &=-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}}+2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {3}} x+x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {6}}\\ \end {align*}
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Mathematica [C] time = 0.01, size = 42, normalized size = 0.15 \[ \frac {1}{4} \text {RootSum}\left [\text {$\#$1}^8-\text {$\#$1}^4+1\& ,\frac {\log (x-\text {$\#$1})}{2 \text {$\#$1}^7-\text {$\#$1}^3}\& \right ] \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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fricas [A] time = 0.86, size = 215, normalized size = 0.78 \[ -\frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\frac {\sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} - x\right )} + x^{2} - \sqrt {x^{4} + \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} + x\right )} + 3 \, x^{2} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x - 2\right )}}{3 \, x^{2} - 2}\right ) - \frac {1}{6} \, \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \arctan \left (-\frac {\sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} - x\right )} - x^{2} - \sqrt {x^{4} - \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} + x\right )} + 3 \, x^{2} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} x + 2\right )}}{3 \, x^{2} - 2}\right ) + \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{4} + \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} + x\right )} + 3 \, x^{2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} \log \left (x^{4} - \sqrt {3} \sqrt {2} {\left (x^{3} + x\right )} + 3 \, x^{2} + 1\right ) \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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giac [A] time = 0.40, size = 205, normalized size = 0.75 \[ \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {6} \arctan \left (\frac {4 \, x + \sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {6} \arctan \left (\frac {4 \, x - \sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {6} \arctan \left (\frac {4 \, x + \sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{12} \, \sqrt {6} \arctan \left (\frac {4 \, x - \sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}}{\sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \log \left (x^{2} + \frac {1}{2} \, x {\left (\sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}\right )} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \log \left (x^{2} - \frac {1}{2} \, x {\left (\sqrt {6} + \sqrt {2}\right )} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \log \left (x^{2} + \frac {1}{2} \, x {\left (\sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}\right )} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{24} \, \sqrt {6} \log \left (x^{2} - \frac {1}{2} \, x {\left (\sqrt {6} - \sqrt {2}\right )} + 1\right ) \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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maple [C] time = 0.01, size = 30, normalized size = 0.11 \[ \frac {\RootOf \left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right ) \ln \left (3 \RootOf \left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right )^{2}+3 \RootOf \left (9 \textit {\_Z}^{4}+1\right ) x +x^{2}\right )}{4} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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maxima [F] time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^{8} - x^{4} + 1}\,{d x} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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mupad [B] time = 0.04, size = 53, normalized size = 0.19 \[ \sqrt {6}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {6}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{3}+\frac {1}{3}{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{\frac {2\,x^2}{3}-\frac {2}{3}{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{12}-\frac {1}{12}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {6}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {6}\,x\,\left (\frac {1}{3}-\frac {1}{3}{}\mathrm {i}\right )}{\frac {2\,x^2}{3}+\frac {2}{3}{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{12}+\frac {1}{12}{}\mathrm {i}\right ) \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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sympy [A] time = 0.22, size = 165, normalized size = 0.60 \[ \frac {\sqrt {6} \left (2 \operatorname {atan}{\left (\frac {\sqrt {6} x}{3} - \frac {1}{3} \right )} + 2 \operatorname {atan}{\left (\sqrt {6} x^{3} - 4 x^{2} + 2 \sqrt {6} x - 3 \right )}\right )}{24} + \frac {\sqrt {6} \left (2 \operatorname {atan}{\left (\frac {\sqrt {6} x}{3} + \frac {1}{3} \right )} + 2 \operatorname {atan}{\left (\sqrt {6} x^{3} + 4 x^{2} + 2 \sqrt {6} x + 3 \right )}\right )}{24} - \frac {\sqrt {6} \log {\left (x^{4} - \sqrt {6} x^{3} + 3 x^{2} - \sqrt {6} x + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac {\sqrt {6} \log {\left (x^{4} + \sqrt {6} x^{3} + 3 x^{2} + \sqrt {6} x + 1 \right )}}{24} \]
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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